JAM Classes

  Eutrophication The word eutrophication is derived from Greek words "eu” meaning abundant and “trophi” meaning food or nutrient, thus eutrophication is defined as the enrichment of an eco-system with nutrients which results in the abnormal increase in the growth of aquatic organisms. According to Nixon (1995) an increase in the supply rate of organic matter to an ecosystem is termed as eutrophication. Eutrophication is an environmental problem caused by the load of nutrients especially nitrogen and phosphorous in aquatic ecosystem (Johnson et al., 2007, Donal et al., 2011, costa et al 2018) According to Ospar 2003 the enrichment of water by nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce undesirable distribution to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned. Process of Eutrophication Nutrient loading causes a rapid elevation in primary production of  phytoplankton which resul...

  Water pollution The contamination of water due to various contaminants which change the properties of water and make it unfit or toxic for drinking or other purposes is referred to as water pollution. Water gets contaminated easily because it is considered as universal solvent. Water pollutants According to Tripathi et al., (1990) about 1500 substances have been listed as pollutants in freshwater ecosystem they come from different sources. Frank R. Spellman in his book the Science of Environmental Pollution mentioned eight chief water pollutants: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD); Nutrients; Suspended Solids; pH, fats, oil and grease (FOG); Pathogenic microorganisms; Toxic pollutants; and nontoxic pollutants. Sources of water surface water The water which is present on the surface of earth in springs, ponds, rivers, lakes, oceans is known as surface water. Contamination of such water bodies is known as surface water pollution. Surface water is further classified as fr...

Control of Noise Pollution It is clear from the previous topic sources of noise pollution that noise generation is mostly associated with most of our daily activities Noise can be controlled by employing the following techniques: *         Control at source *         Control in transmission path *         Using protective equipment *         Implementation of rules and regulations Noise control at source: o    Advanced technology should be employed in the process of vehicles manufacturing so that they produce no or least noise, o    Maintenance of the vehicles should be done on regular basis. o    Superior technology based machinery equipment should be installed in the industries and their regular maintenance is necessary. o    Public rallies and announcements on loudspeakers should b...

  Noise pollution : Any undesirable sound that makes the living creature to feel discomfort is said to be noise pollution. Normally sound does not become noise unless and until it exceeds the threshold level of hearing. It depends upon one’s perception. Noise emitted from all sources except noise at industrial work place is referred to as environmental noise or community noise or residential noise or domestic noise, whereas noise emitted at industrial work places is termed as occupational noise or industrial noise. Measurement Sound pressure is measured in logarithmic units called decibels (dB) with the help of an instrument known as Sound Level Meter. The maximum threshold for humans is 80 dB. Some definitions by different authors: According to Ogunsote (1991,2010) noise pollution is defined as an unwanted or damaging sound which interfere with people are trying to do, or that which has an adverse effect on health and safety. Ephraime (2002) defined noise pollution...