JAM Classes

  Soil Profile The vertical and sequential arrangement of soil layers superimposed one above the other from the top surface to the unaffected rock below is termed as soil profile. The individual layers constituting the soil profile are called soil horizons. For instance, if we cut a vertical section of soil at a particular place, we clearly see different soil layers or horizons from top mature soil to the rock below. These horizons are formed through the differential downward movement of various materials such as organic matter, clay particles etc. moreover soil horizons vary in properties like colour, texture, structure, thickness, chemical composition, mineral content, consistency and reaction. In general soil profiles tend to become thicker, deeper and more altered over time. Soil profile can be as little as 10cm thick in immature soils and as deep as several meters in tropical areas. Soil profile is considered as one of the most important key factor for understandin...

  Wastewater Treatment The water that has been used in various activities is termed as wastewater. It must be treated before its discharge into the environment. There are several stages of wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment plants use primary, secondary and tertiary stages. 1.Primary treatment In this step waste water treatment primary treatment involves a number of physical process these include Screening In this process bar screens with 10 millimeters mesh size are used to block the flow of large floating debris like plastic cans, wrappers, wood pieces etc. so that they don’t enter into the next unit as these large debris may hinder the function of machinery to a great extent. Comminution In this process a comminutor is used to grind the debris that pass through the bar screen later on these grinded residue is removed by sedimentation. Grit removal In this physical process a large narrow tank is used to slow down the flow of incoming wastewater so th...